Good Right Sleep
Sources used in our sleep guides
Find the guidelines, research papers, and historical accounts cited in our articles. Each entry links back to the guides that use it.
Understanding the source types
A guideline considers how to apply evidence to care. A randomized trial tests an intervention in a defined group. An observational study can identify patterns without proving what caused them. A historical source describes a time and perspective; a personal account describes one experience.
Source numbers in each guide point to the claim they support. This library gathers those sources and shows where they are used. Some publishers provide only an abstract without a subscription.
The library
- A. Roger Ekirch: Segmented Sleep — historical source collection
- AASM (2018): Consumer sleep technology is no substitute for medical evaluation
- AASM (2025): Staying current with actigraphy devices for sleep-wake monitoring
- AASM: Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia, guideline (2021)
Used in: Insomnia symptoms and CBT-I treatment, Six common claims about sleep, checked
- AASM: Diagnostic testing for adult obstructive sleep apnea, guideline (2017)
- AASM: Melatonin Use in Children and Adolescents Health Advisory
- AASM: Treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder, guideline (2025)
- Allen et al.: Pregabalin compared with pramipexole for RLS, NEJM (2014)
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine: Management of REM sleep behavior disorder — clinical practice guideline
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine: Position paper recommends treatments for adult nightmare disorder
- Arentson-Lantz et al.: CBT for menopausal insomnia, pilot randomized trial (2026)
Used in: Sleep in midlife and older age
- Baron et al. (2017): Orthosomnia: Are Some Patients Taking the Quantified Self Too Far?
- Boyce (2023): Have we lost sleep? A reconsideration of segmented sleep in early modern England
- Brooks and Lack (2006): A brief afternoon nap following nocturnal sleep restriction
Used in: How long should a nap last?
- Cary et al. (2019): Sleep posture and nonspecific spinal symptoms
- Cary et al. (2021): Sleep posture, waking spinal symptoms and quality of sleep
- CDC: About Sleep
Used in: How to build a consistent sleep routine, Sleep in midlife and older age
- CDC: Adult Activity—An Overview
Used in: Exercise timing and sleep
- Chinoy et al. (2021): Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography
- Cohen et al.: Quantity of melatonin and CBD in US melatonin gummies, JAMA (2023)
- Drake et al. (2013): Caffeine effects 0, 3, or 6 hours before bedtime
Used in: Caffeine, alcohol, meals, and sleep, Six common claims about sleep, checked
- Drews et al. (2020): Bed-sharing, REM sleep, and sleep-stage synchronization
- Espie et al.: Digital CBT-I randomized clinical trial, JAMA Psychiatry (2019)
- FDA (2024): Clearance and intended use of Apple’s Sleep Apnea Notification Feature
- FDA: Gabapentin and pregabalin warning about serious breathing problems
- FDA: Questions and Answers on Dietary Supplements
- FDA: Spilling the Beans—How Much Caffeine Is Too Much?
Used in: Caffeine, alcohol, meals, and sleep
- Fultz and colleagues: Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep
Used in: What sleep does for memory
- Gardiner et al. (2025): The effect of alcohol on subsequent sleep
Used in: Caffeine, alcohol, meals, and sleep
- Gunn et al. (2021): Nightly sleep-wake concordance and daily marital interactions
- Haghayegh et al. (2019): Warm shower or bath before bedtime
Used in: Make your bedroom more comfortable for sleep, An open window, a sleep tracker, and an evening shower
- Harding et al. (2019): The Temperature Dependence of Sleep
- Hauglund and colleagues: Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep
Used in: What sleep does for memory
- John Adams: Autobiographical account of September 9, 1776 — Founders Online, National Archives
Used in: An open window, a sleep tracker, and an evening shower
- Katz et al. (2022): ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Kovacs et al. (2003): Mattress firmness and chronic low-back pain
Used in: Make your bedroom more comfortable for sleep, Six common claims about sleep, checked
- Krakow and colleagues: Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares — randomized controlled trial
- Leota et al. (2025): Evening exercise and sleep, observational study
Used in: Exercise timing and sleep
- Liu et al. (2023): Sleep among spousal care pairs living with chronic conditions
- McCurry et al.: Telephone CBT-I in women with menopausal symptoms, JAMA Internal Medicine (2016)
Used in: Sleep in midlife and older age
- MedlinePlus: Iron Supplements
- MedlinePlus: Restless Legs Syndrome
Used in: Recurring sleep problems: when to seek help, Restless legs syndrome: symptoms and treatment
- Miao and colleagues: Brain clearance is reduced during sleep and anesthesia
Used in: What sleep does for memory
- NASA (1994): Effects of planned cockpit rest on crew performance and alertness in long-haul operations
Used in: How long should a nap last?
- National Institute on Aging: Memory problems, forgetfulness, and aging
Used in: What sleep does for memory
- NCCIH: Melatonin—What You Need To Know
- NHLBI: Circadian Rhythm Disorders Diagnosis
- NHLBI: Circadian Rhythm Disorders Symptoms
Used in: Sleep between night shifts
- NHLBI: Circadian Rhythm Disorders Treatment
- NHLBI: Healthy Sleep Habits
Used in: Make your bedroom more comfortable for sleep, Caffeine, alcohol, meals, and sleep
- NHLBI: How Much Sleep Is Enough?
- NHLBI: Insomnia Diagnosis
Used in: Insomnia symptoms and CBT-I treatment, How much can a sleep tracker tell you?
- NHLBI: Insomnia Treatment
- NHLBI: Living With Sleep Apnea—driving safety
Used in: Recurring sleep problems: when to seek help, Sleep apnea symptoms, testing, and treatment
- NHLBI: Sleep Apnea Diagnosis
- NHLBI: Sleep Apnea Symptoms
Used in: Sleeping positions and pillow support, Caffeine, alcohol, meals, and sleep, Recurring sleep problems: when to seek help, Sleep apnea symptoms, testing, and treatment
- NHLBI: Sleep Apnea Treatment
Used in: Sleeping positions and pillow support, Sleep apnea symptoms, testing, and treatment
- NHLBI: Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency—Diagnosis
- NHLBI: Sleep Phases and Stages
Used in: Sleep pressure, body clocks, and sleep stages, Six common claims about sleep, checked
- NHLBI: Sleep Studies
- NHLBI: Types of Circadian Rhythm Disorders
- NHLBI: What Are Circadian Rhythm Disorders?
- NHLBI: What Is Insomnia?
Used in: Recurring sleep problems: when to seek help, Insomnia symptoms and CBT-I treatment, Did people used to sleep in two shifts?
- NHLBI: What Is Sleep Apnea?
- NHLBI: Why Is Sleep Important?
- NHLBI: Your Sleep/Wake Cycle
Used in: How to build a consistent sleep routine, Sleep pressure, body clocks, and sleep stages
- NHS: Night terrors and nightmares
- NHS: Sleep apnoea
- NIA: Sleep
Used in: Sleep in midlife and older age, Six common claims about sleep, checked
- NIA: Sleep and Older Adults
Used in: Sleep in midlife and older age
- NIA: Sleep Problems and Menopause—What Can I Do?
Used in: Sleep in midlife and older age
- NIA: Taking Medicines Safely as You Age
Used in: Sleep in midlife and older age
- NIAAA: Should You Cut Down or Quit?
Used in: Caffeine, alcohol, meals, and sleep
- NIDDK: Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for GER & GERD
Used in: Sleeping positions and pillow support, Caffeine, alcohol, meals, and sleep
- NIGMS: Circadian Rhythms
- NINDS: Restless Legs Syndrome
- NIOSH: Coping with night and evening shifts—scope and rotating schedules
Used in: Sleep between night shifts
- NIOSH: Light and safe travel after night work
Used in: Sleep between night shifts
- NIOSH: Light during night work
Used in: Sleep between night shifts
- NIOSH: Managing fatigue—guidance for healthcare workers and managers
Used in: Sleep between night shifts
- NIOSH: Nap Duration
Used in: How long should a nap last?
- NIOSH: Napping, an Important Fatigue Countermeasure — Introduction
Used in: How long should a nap last?
- NIOSH: Planned naps
Used in: Sleep between night shifts
- NIOSH: Sleep after night work
Used in: Sleep between night shifts
- NIOSH: Sleep Inertia
Used in: How long should a nap last?
- NIOSH: Sleep schedules on workdays and days off
Used in: Sleep between night shifts
- NIOSH: Why night shift is difficult
Used in: Sleep between night shifts
- Phillips et al.: Individual sensitivity to evening light, PNAS (2019)
- Rasch & Born: About sleep's role in memory
Used in: What sleep does for memory
- Rasch and colleagues: Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation
Used in: What sleep does for memory
- Roediger & Karpicke: Test-enhanced learning — taking memory tests improves long-term retention
Used in: What sleep does for memory
- Rush University (2017): Sleep Trackers Can Prompt Sleep Problems
Used in: An open window, a sleep tracker, and an evening shower
- Siclari and colleagues: The neural correlates of dreaming
- Sletten et al.: Melatonin with sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, PLOS Medicine (2018)
- Souabni et al. (2026): Morning versus evening exercise and sleep
Used in: Exercise timing and sleep
- St-Onge et al. (2016): Fiber and Saturated Fat Are Associated with Sleep Arousals and Slow Wave Sleep
Used in: Caffeine, alcohol, meals, and sleep
- TIME (2025): Should You Shower in the Morning or at Night? — interview with Shahab Haghayegh
Used in: An open window, a sleep tracker, and an evening shower
- VA National Center for PTSD: PTSD Treatment Decision Aid — alternative treatments
- VA/DoD (2025): Treating Insomnia—A Patient’s Guide
- Van Dongen et al.: The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness, Sleep (2003)
Used in: Sleep pressure, body clocks, and sleep stages, Six common claims about sleep, checked
- Vizmanos et al. (2023): Lifestyle mediators of associations among siestas, obesity, and metabolic health
Used in: How long should a nap last?
- Wamsley & Stickgold: Dreaming of a learning task — replication in an overnight sleep study
- Wang et al. (2025): Exercise approaches and doses for sleep quality
Used in: Exercise timing and sleep
- Wehr (1992): In short photoperiods, human sleep is biphasic
- Yetish et al. (2015): Natural sleep and its seasonal variations in three pre-industrial societies
- Yoo and colleagues: A deficit in the ability to form new human memories without sleep
Used in: What sleep does for memory
- Yue et al. (2022): Intensities of evening exercise and sleep
Used in: Exercise timing and sleep
Something does not line up?
If a source link breaks or a cited passage does not support the claim, send a correction with the article and the specific issue.